Consequently, some studies have attempted to discover ways to quantitatively evaluate musical performances, and the implementation of an automatic performance evaluation system is considered to be an important task. Despite these potential problems, subjective performance evaluations are common in music education. However, even experienced evaluators can be biased since diverse musical experiences can lead to different interpretations of a piece of music, which could in turn result in a subjective evaluation.
In music education, evaluation is based on the opinion of highly trained professionals who produce subjective interpretations of the performance. The human evaluation process is guided by standard grading scales and objective evaluation index rubrics. Such complex aspects of musical performance hinder objective evaluation thus, human evaluation is generally involved. Moreover, except for the accuracy of pitch and rhythm, there is no explicit indicator that determines whether music is performed well. The quantitative evaluation of a piano performance is very difficult due to the complex characteristics of music performances, in which the performer’s performance skills are expressed in alignment with his or her subjective interpretation of the music. Data is provided by the Seoul National University Institutional Data Access/Ethics Committee (Call: +82-, Email: for researchers who meet the access criteria for confidential data.įunding: This research was funded by the Samsung Research Funding Center under project number SRFC-IT1702-12, and partly funded by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), which is in turn funded by the South Korean government (NRF2017R1E1A1A01076284).Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: Data cannot be shared publicly due to the privacy of the performance participants for the experiment. Received: OctoAccepted: ApPublished: May 19, 2021Ĭopyright: © 2021 Kim et al.
PLoS ONE 16(5):Įditor: Joseph Najbauer, University of Pécs Medical School, HUNGARY Our results suggest that differently controlling both hands simultaneously is an important skill for pianists therefore, DBH features should be considered in the quantitative evaluation of piano performance.Ĭitation: Kim S, Park JM, Rhyu S, Nam J, Lee K (2021) Quantitative analysis of piano performance proficiency focusing on difference between hands. Moreover, existing note-based raw feature values (Basic features) and DBH features were tested repeatedly via 10-fold cross-validation, suggesting that adding DBH features to Basic features improved F1 scores to 93.6% (by 3.5%) over Basic features. Further experiments using principal component analysis (PCA) and support vector machine (SVM) verified that hand-difference features can successfully differentiate experts from amateurs according to performance proficiency. Regarding dynamic features, RH exhibited both greater values and a smoother change along melodic intonations in experts that in amateurs. Regarding temporal features, experts pressed keys longer and faster with the RH than did amateurs. Statistical analyses showed that DBH was more significant in experts than in amateurs across features. These note-based features were rearranged into additional features representing DBH by simple subtraction between features of both hands. g., ratio of duration or inter-onset interval (IOI)). g., MIDI velocity) or ratios between performance and corresponding scores (e.
These were conventional MIDI features representing temporal and dynamic attributes of each note and computed as absolute values (e. Each performance was recorded in MIDI, and handcrafted features were extracted separately for the right hand (RH) and left hand (LH). To this end, 34 experts and 34 amateurs were recruited to play two excerpts on a Yamaha Disklavier. Therefore, we investigated DBH as an important factor determining performance proficiency. Previous studies utilized features extracted from audio or musical instrument digital interface (MIDI) files but did not address the difference between hands (DBH), which might be an important aspect of high-quality performance. Quantitative evaluation of piano performance is of interests in many fields, including music education and computational performance rendering.
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